Nursing References

Nursing Skills



Basic Nursing Skills

Asepsis and Infection Control

Performing Hand Hygiene Using an Alcohol-Based Handrub

Performing Hand Hygiene Using Soap and Water (Handwashing)

Using Personal Protective Equipment

Preparing a Sterile Field Using a Packaged Sterile Drape

Preparing a Sterile Field Using a Commercially Prepared Sterile Kit or Tray

Adding Sterile Items to a Sterile Field

Putting on Sterile Gloves and Removing Soiled Gloves


Vital Signs

Assessing Body Temperature

Regulating Temperature Using an Overhead Radiant Warmer

Regulating Temperature Using a Hypothermia Blanket

Assessing a Peripheral Pulse by Palpation

Assessing the Apical Pulse by Auscultation

Assessing Respiration

Assessing Blood Pressure by Auscultation


Health Assessment

Performing a General Survey

Using a Portable Bed Scale

Assessing the Skin, Hair, and Nails

Assessing the Head and Neck

Assessing the Thorax, Lungs, and Breasts

Assessing the Cardiovascular System

Assessing the Abdomen

Assessing the Female Genitalia

Assessing the Male Genitalia

Assessing the Neurologic, Musculoskeletal, and Peripheral Vascular Systems


Safety

Performing a Situational Assessment

Fall Prevention

Implementing Alternatives to the Use of Restraints

Applying an Extremity Restraint

Applying a Waist Restraint

Applying an Elbow Restraint

Applying a Mummy Restraint


Medications

Administering Oral Medications

Administering Medications via a Gastric Tube

Removing Medication From an Ampule

Removing Medication From a Vial

Mixing Medications From Two Vials in One Syringe

Administering an Intradermal Injection

Administering a Subcutaneous Injection

Administering an Intramuscular Injection

Administering a Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion: Applying an Insulin Pump

Administering Medications by Intravenous Bolus or Push Through an Intravenous Infusion

Administering Medications by Intravenous Bolus or Push Through a Medication or Drug-Infusion Lock

Administering a Piggyback Intermittent Intravenous Infusion of Medication

Administering an Intermittent Intravenous Infusion of Medication via a Mini-Infusion Pump

Applying a Transdermal Patch

Administering Eye Drops

Administering an Eye Irrigation

Administering Ear Drops

Administering an Ear Irrigation

Administering a Nasal Spray

Administering a Vaginal Cream

Administering a Rectal Suppository

Administering Medication via a Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI)

Administering Medication via a Dry Powder Inhaler

Administering Medication via a Small-Volume Nebulizer


Perioperative Nursing

Teaching Deep-Breathing Exercises, Coughing, and Splinting

Teaching Leg Exercises

Providing Preoperative Patient Care

Providing Preoperative Patient Care: Day of Surgery

Providing Postoperative Care

Applying a Forced-Air Warming Device Promoting Healthy Physiologic Responses


Hygiene

Assisting With a Shower or Tub Bath

Providing a Bed Bath

Assisting the Patient With Oral Care

Providing Oral Care for the Dependent Patient

Providing Denture Care

Removing Contact Lenses

Shampooing a Patient’s Hair in Bed

Assisting the Patient to Shave

Providing Nail Care

Making an Unoccupied Bed

Making an Occupied Bed


Skin Integrity and Wound Care

Preventing Pressure Injury

Cleaning a Wound and Applying a Dressing (General Guidelines)

Performing Irrigation of a Wound

Collecting a Wound Culture

Applying Montgomery Straps

Caring for a Penrose Drain

Caring for a T-Tube Drain

Caring for a Jackson–Pratt Drain

Caring for a Hemovac Drain

Applying Negative Pressure Wound Therapy

Removing Sutures

Removing Surgical Staples

Applying an External Heating Pad

Applying a Warm Compress

Assisting With a Sitz Bath

Applying Cold Therapy


Activity

Assisting a Patient With Turning in Bed

Moving a Patient Up in Bed With the Assistance of Another Caregiver

Transferring a Patient From the Bed to a Stretcher

Transferring a Patient From the Bed to a Chair

Transferring a Patient Using a Powered Full-Body Sling Lift

Providing Range-of-Motion Exercises

Assisting a Patient With Ambulation

Assisting a Patient With Ambulation Using a Walker

Assisting a Patient With Ambulation Using Crutches

Assisting a Patient With Ambulation Using a Cane

Applying and Removing Graduated Compression Stockings

Applying Pneumatic Compression Devices

Applying a Continuous Passive Motion Device

Applying a Sling

Applying a Figure-Eight Bandage

Assisting With Cast Application

Caring for a Cast

Applying Skin Traction and Caring for a Patient in Skin Traction

Caring for a Patient in Skeletal Traction

Caring for a Patient With an External Fixation Device


Comfort and Pain Management

Promoting Patient Comfort

Giving a Back Massage

Applying and Caring for a Patient Using a TENS Unit

Caring for a Patient Receiving Patient-Controlled Analgesia

Caring for a Patient Receiving Epidural Analgesia

Caring for a Patient Receiving Continuous Wound Perfusion Pain Management


Nutrition

Assisting a Patient With Eating

Confirming Placement of a Nasogastric Tube

Administering a Tube Feeding

Caring for a Gastrostomy Tube


Urinary Elimination

Assisting With the Use of a Bedpan

Assisting With the Use of a Urinal

Assisting With the Use of a Bedside Commode

Assessing Bladder Volume Using an Ultrasound Bladder Scanner

Applying an External Urinary Sheath (Condom Catheter)

Catheterizing the Female Urinary Bladder

Catheterizing the Male Urinary Bladder

Removing an Indwelling Urinary Catheter

Performing Intermittent Closed Catheter Irrigation

Administering a Continuous Closed Bladder or Catheter Irrigation

Emptying and Changing a Stoma Appliance on a Urinary Diversion

Caring for a Suprapubic Urinary Catheter

Caring for a Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter

Caring for a Hemodialysis Access (Arteriovenous Fistula or Graft)


Bowel Elimination

Administering a Large-Volume Cleansing Enema

Administering a Small-Volume Cleansing Enema

Administering a Retention Enema

Digital Removal of Stool

Applying a Fecal Incontinence Collection Device

Emptying and Changing an Ostomy Appliance

Irrigating a Colostomy

Inserting a Nasogastric Tube

Irrigating a Nasogastric Tube Connected to Suction

Removing a Nasogastric Tube


Oxygenation

Using a Pulse Oximeter

Teaching a Patient to Use an Incentive Spirometer

Administering Oxygen by Nasal Cannula

Administering Oxygen by Mask

Suctioning the Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Airways

Inserting an Oropharyngeal Airway

Suctioning an Endotracheal Tube: Open System

Suctioning an Endotracheal Tube: Closed System

Securing an Endotracheal Tube

Suctioning a Tracheostomy: Open System

Providing Care of a Tracheostomy Tube

Providing Care of a Chest Drainage System

Assisting With Removal of a Chest Tube

Using a Manual Resuscitation Bag and Mask


Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance

Initiating a Peripheral Venous Access IV Infusion

Changing an IV Solution Container and Administration Set

Monitoring an IV Site and Infusion

Changing a Peripheral Venous Access Site Dressing

Capping for Intermittent Use and Flushing a Peripheral Venous Access Device

Administering a Blood Transfusion

Changing the Dressing and Flushing Central Venous Access Devices

Accessing an Implanted Port

Deaccessing an Implanted Port

Removing a Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC)


Cardiovascular Care

Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Performing Emergency Automated External Defibrillation

Performing Emergency Manual External Defibrillation (Asynchronous)

Obtaining an Electrocardiogram

Applying a Cardiac Monitor

Using a Transcutaneous (External) Pacemaker

Obtaining an Arterial Blood Sample From an Arterial Catheter

Removing Peripheral Arterial Catheters


Neurologic Care

Applying a Two-Piece Cervical Collar

Employing Seizure Precautions and Seizure Management

Caring for a Patient in Halo Traction

Caring for a Patient With an External Ventriculostomy (Intraventricular Catheter–Closed Fluid- Filled System)

Caring for a Patient With a Fiber Optic Intracranial Catheter


Laboratory Specimen Collection

Obtaining a Nasal Swab

Obtaining a Nasopharyngeal Swab

Collecting a Sputum Specimen for Culture

Collecting a Urine Specimen (Clean Catch, Midstream)

Obtaining a Urine Specimen From an Indwelling Urinary Catheter

Testing Stool for Occult Blood

Collecting a Stool Specimen

Obtaining a Capillary Blood Sample for Glucose Testing

Using Venipuncture to Collect a Venous Blood Sample

Obtaining a Venous Blood Specimen for Culture and Sensitivity

Obtaining an Arterial Blood Specimen for Blood Gas Analysis



Advance Nursing Skills

Admitting, Transfer, and Discharge

Admitting Patients

Transferring Patients

Discharging Patients


Communication

Establishing the Nurse-Patient Relationship

Communicating with an Anxious Patient

Communicating with an Angry Patient

Communicating with a Depressed Patient

Communicating with a Cognitively Impaired Patient


Documentation and Informatics

Giving a Hand-Off Report

Documenting Nurses' Progress Notes

Adverse Event/Incident Reporting


Vital Signs

Measuring Body Temperature

Assessing Radial Pulse

Assessing Apical Pulse

Assessing Apical-Radial Pulse Deficit

Assessing Respirations

Assessing Arterial Blood Pressure

Assessing Blood Pressure Electronically

Measuring Oxygen Saturation (Pulse Oximetry)


Health Assessment

General Survey

Head and Neck Assessment

Thorax and Lung Assessment

Cardiovascular Assessment

Abdominal Assessment

Genitalia and Rectum Assessment

Musculoskeletal and Neurologic Assessment

Monitoring Intake and Output


Medical Asepsis

Hand Hygiene

Caring for Patients Under Isolation Precautions

Caring for Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDRO) and Clostridium difficile


Sterile Technique

Applying and Removing Cap, Mask, and Protective Eyewear

Preparing a Sterile Field

Sterile Gloving


Safe Patient Handling, Transfer, and Positioning

Using Safe and Effective Transfer Techniques

Wheelchair Transfer Techniques

Moving and Positioning Patients in Bed


Exercise and Ambulation

Performing Range-of-Motion Exercises

Performing Isometric Exercises

Continuous Passive Motion Machine

Applying Elastic Stockings and Sequential Compression Device

Assisting with Ambulation and Use of Canes, Crutches, and Walker


Orthopedic Measures

Assisting with Cast Application

Care of a Patient During Cast Removal

Care of a Patient in Skin Traction

Care of a Patient in Skeletal Traction and Pin Site Care

Care of a Patient with an Immobilization Device


Support Surfaces and Special Beds

Selection of Pressure-Reducing Support Surfaces

Placing a Patient on a Support Surface

Placing a Patient on an Air-Suspension or Air-Fluidized Bed

Placing a Patient on a Bariatric Bed

Placing a Patient on a Rotokinetic Bed


Safety and Quality Improvement

Fall Prevention in a Health Care Agency

Designing a Restraint-Free Environment

Applying Physical Restraints

Fire, Electrical, and Chemical Safety

Seizure Precautions

Conducting a Root Cause Analysis


Disaster Preparedness

Care of a Patient After Biologic Exposure

Care of a Patient After Chemical Exposure

Care of a Patient After Radiation Exposure


Pain Assessment and Basic Comfort Measures

Providing Pain Relief

Patient-Controlled Analgesia

Epidural Analgesia

Local Anesthetic Infusion Pump for Analgesia

Nonpharmacologic Pain Management


Palliative Care

Supporting Patients and Families in Grief

Symptom Management at the End of Life

Care of a Body After Death


Personal Hygiene and Bed Making

Bathing a Patient

Perineal Care

Use of Disposable Bed Bath, Tub, or Shower

Oral Hygiene

Care of Dentures

Performing Mouth Care for an Unconscious or Debilitated Patient

Hair Care–Combing and Shaving

Hair Care–Shampooing

Performing Nail and Foot Care

Care of a Patient's Environment

Making an Occupied Bed

Making an Unoccupied Bed


Pressure Ulcer Care

Risk Assessment, Skin Assessment, and Prevention Strategies

Treatment of Pressure Ulcers


Care of the Eye and Ear

Eye Care for Comatose Patients

Taking Care of Contact Lenses

Taking Care of an Artificial Eye

Eye Irrigation

Ear Irrigation

Care of Hearing Aids


Safe Medication Preparation


Oral and Topical Medications

Advance administering Oral Medications

Administering Medications Through an Enteral Feeding Tube

Applying Topical Medications to the Skin

Instilling Eye and Ear Medications

Administering Nasal Instillations

Using Metered-Dose Inhalers

Using Dry Powder Inhaled Medications

Using Small-Volume Nebulizers

Administering Vaginal Instillations

Administering Rectal Suppositories


Parenteral Medications

Preparing Injections: Ampules and Vials

Mixing Parenteral Medications in One Syringe

Administering Intradermal Injections

Administering Subcutaneous Injections

Administering Intramuscular Injections

Administering Medications by Intravenous Bolus

Administering Intravenous Medications by Piggyback, Intermittent Infusion Sets, and Mini-Infusion Pumps

Administering Continuous Subcutaneous Medications


Oxygen Therapy

Applying a Nasal Cannula or Oxygen Mask

Administering Oxygen Therapy to a Patient with an Artificial Airway

Using Incentive Spirometry

Care of a Patient Receiving Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation

Use of a Peak Flow Meter

Care of a Patient on a Mechanical Ventilator


Performing Chest Physiotherapy

Performing Postural Drainage

Using an Acapella Device

Performing Percussion, Vibration, and Shaking


Airway Management

Performing Oropharyngeal Suctioning

Airway Suctioning

Closed (In-Line) Suction

Performing Endotracheal Tube Care

Performing Tracheostomy Care

Inflating the Cuff on an Endotracheal or Tracheostomy Tube


Closed Chest Drainage Systems

Managing Closed Chest Drainage Systems

Assisting with Removal of Chest Tubes

Autotransfusion of Chest Tube Drainage


Emergency Measures for Life Support

Inserting an Oropharyngeal Airway

Use of an Automated External Defibrillator

Code Management


Intravenous and Vascular Access Therapy

Initiating Intravenous Therapy

Regulating Intravenous Flow Rate

Changing Intravenous Solutions

Changing Infusion Tubing

Changing a Short Peripheral Intravenous Dressing

Discontinuing a Short Peripheral Intravenous Access

Caring for Central Vascular Access Devices


Blood Transfusions

Initiating Blood Therapy

Monitoring for Adverse Transfusion Reactions


Oral Nutrition

Performing a Nutritional Assessment

Assisting an Adult Patient with Oral Nutrition

Aspiration Precautions


Enteral Nutrition

Inserting and Removing a Small-Bore Nasogastric or Nasoenteric Feeding Tube

Verifying Feeding Tube Placement

Irrigating a Feeding Tube

Administering Enteral Nutrition: Nasoenteric, Gastrostomy, or Jejunostomy Tube

Care of a Gastrostomy or Jejunostomy Tube


Parenteral Nutrition

Administering Parenteral Nutrition Through a Central Line

Administering Parenteral Nutrition Through a Peripheral Line


Urinary Elimination

Assisting with Use of a Urinal

Insertion of a Straight or an Indwelling Urinary Catheter

Care and Removal of an Indwelling Catheter

Bladder Scan and Catheterization to Determine Residual Urine

Performing Catheter Irrigation

Applying a Condom-Type External Catheter

Suprapubic Catheter Care


Bowel Elimination and Gastric Intubation

Assisting a Patient in Using a Bedpan

Removing Fecal Impaction Digitally

Administering an Enema

Insertion, Maintenance, and Removal of a Nasogastric Tube for Gastric Decompression


Ostomy Care

Pouching a Colostomy or an Ileostomy

Pouching a Urostomy

Catheterizing a Urinary Diversion


Preoperative and Postoperative Care

Preparing a Patient for Surgery

Demonstrating Postoperative Exercises

Performing Postoperative Care of a Surgical Patient


Intraoperative Care

Surgical Hand Antisepsis

Donning a Sterile Gown and Closed Gloving


Wound Care and Irrigations

Performing a Wound Assessment

Performing a Wound Irrigation

Removing Sutures and Staples

Managing Wound Drainage Evacuation


Dressings, Bandages, and Binders

Applying a Dressing (Dry and Moist-to-Dry)

Applying a Pressure Bandage

Applying a Transparent Dressing

Applying a Hydrocolloid, Hydrogel, Foam, or Absorption Dressing

Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT)

Applying Gauze and Elastic Bandages

Applying an Abdominal Binder


Therapeutic Use of Heat and Cold

Applying Moist Heat

Applying Dry Heat

Applying Cold

Caring for Patients Requiring Hypothermia or Hyperthermia Blankets


Home Care Safety

Home Environment Assessment and Safety

Adapting the Home Setting for Patients with Cognitive Deficits

Medication and Medical Device Safety


Home Care Teaching

Teaching Clients to Measure Body Temperature

Teaching Blood Pressure and Pulse Measurement

Teaching Intermittent Self-Catheterization

Using Home Oxygen Equipment

Teaching Home Tracheostomy Care and Suctioning

Changing a Tracheostomy Tube at Home

Teaching Medication Self-Administration

Managing Feeding Tubes in the Home

Managing Parenteral Nutrition in the Home


Specimen Collection

Urine Specimen Collection: Midstream (Clean-Voided) Urine; Sterile Urinary Catheter

Collecting a Timed Urine Specimen

Urine Screening for Glucose, Ketones, Protein, Blood, and pH

Measuring Occult Blood in Stool

Measuring Occult Blood in Gastric Secretions (Gastroccult)

Collecting Nose and Throat Specimens for Culture

Obtaining Vaginal or Urethral Discharge Specimens

Collecting a Sputum Specimen by Expectoration

Collecting a Sputum Specimen by Suction

Obtaining Wound Drainage Specimens

Collecting Blood Specimens and Culture by Venipuncture (Syringe and Vacutainer Method)

Blood Glucose Monitoring

Obtaining an Arterial Specimen for Blood Gas Measurement


Diagnostic Procedures

Intravenous Moderate Sedation During a Diagnostic Procedure

Contrast Media Studies: Arteriogram (Angiogram), Cardiac Catheterization, and Intravenous Pyelogram

Assisting with Aspirations: Bone Marrow Aspiration/Biopsy, Lumbar Puncture, Paracentesis, and Thoracentesis

Assisting with Bronchoscopy

Assisting with Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Advance obtaining an Electrocardiogram



Nursing Medical Emergency Patients

Overview of the treatment of medical emergencies

Respiratory emergencies

Cardiac emergencies

Cardiovascular emergencies

Shock

Neurological emergencies

Acute renal failure

Gastrointestinal emergencies

Endocrine emergencies

Poisoning

Critical care outreach service

Ethical and legal issues



Venepuncture and Cannulation

Legal and Professional Issues

The Learning Experience

Anatomy and Physiology

Selection of Equipment

Vein Selection

Infection Control and Risk Management

Procedures for Venepuncture and Cannulation

Complications

Introduction to Routine Blood Tests, Normal Values and Relevance to Clinical Practice

Patient's Perspective



Trauma Care - Initial assessment and management in the emergency department

Mechanism of injury

Initial assessment and resuscitation of the trauma patient

Head injuries

Thoracic trauma

Spinal injuries

Abdominal injuries

Pelvic injuries

Extremity trauma

Burns

Paediatric trauma

Trauma in older people

Trauma in pregnancy

Trauma-related deaths



Stoma Care

Anatomy and physiology of the bowel and urinary systems

Faecal and urinary stomas and the restorative surgical procedures developed to avoid stoma formation

Rationale for stoma formation and common surgical procedures

Stoma siting and the role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist

The immediate postoperative period

Choosing the correct stoma appliance

Accessories used in stoma care

Changing a stoma appliance

Discharge planning and supporting patient self-care

Questions commonly asked by the patient with a newly formed stoma

Understanding chemotherapy and radiotherapy for the individual with a stoma

Psychological issues in stoma care



Sexual Health

Introduction to Sexual Health

Health Promotion

Sexually Acquired Infections

HIV/AIDS

Contraception Including Emergency Contraception

Abortion

Consent and Confidentiality

Sexual Assault – Managing Disclosures of Abuse

Teenage Pregnancy

Female Genital Mutilation

Cervical Screening and HPV Vaccines



Rapid Assessment of the Acutely Ill Patient

Why Rapid Assessment Is Essential for Ward Staff

Track and Trigger Systems: Early Warning Scores, Calling Criteria and Rapid Response Teams

Assessment Techniques

A–B–C–D–E: Airway Assessment and Management Techniques

A-B-C-D-E: Breathing (and Failure to Breathe)

A–B–C–D–E: Circulation (and Circulatory Failure)

A–B–C–D–E: Acute Neurological Care (Disability)

A–B–C–D–E: Everything that Should Be Considered for Other Potential Problems

Patient-centred Care, Team Working and Communication



Practical Resuscitation: Recognition and Response

Introduction and Professional Issues

Professional, Ethical and Legal Issues


Prevention and Preparation

Recognising the Sick Patient and Preventing Cardiac Arrest

Resuscitation Equipment

Chain of Survival


Basic Life Support

Basic Life Support Algorithm


Advanced Life Support

The Universal Advanced Life Support Algorithm


Further Considerations of Resuscitation

Management of the Airway and Breathing

Monitoring and Assessing Cardiac Rhythms

Defibrillation Theory and Practice

Drugs and Delivery

Management of Potentially Reversible Causes of Cardiac Arrest

Post-Resuscitation Care

Special Circumstances

Resuscitation of the Seriously Injured Casualty

Out-of-Hospital Resuscitation



Personal Hygiene Care

Assessing your patient

Improving and maintaining oral health

Care of the eyes

Ear care

Foot and nail care

Hair care and grooming

Methods of washing

Skin care



Monitoring the Critically Ill Patient

Recognition and Management of the Deteriorating Patient

Assessment of the Critically Ill Patient

Monitoring Respiratory Function

Monitoring Cardiovascular Function 1: ECG Monitoring

Monitoring Cardiovascular Function 2: Haemodynamic Monitoring

Monitoring Neurological Function

Monitoring Renal Function

Monitoring Gastrointestinal Function

Monitoring Hepatic Function

Monitoring Endocrine Function

Monitoring Nutritional Status

Monitoring Temperature

Monitoring Pain

Monitoring a Patient Receiving a Blood Transfusion

Monitoring the Patient with Infection and Related Systemic Inflammatory Response

Monitoring the Critically Ill, Pregnant Patient

Monitoring the Critically Ill Child

Monitoring During Transport

Record Keeping



Medicines Management - A Guide for Nurses

Introduction to medicines management

Legal issues of medicines management

Safety in medicines management

Prescription of medicines

Systems for medicines administration

Principles of safe administration of medicines

Medication errors

Basic pharmacology of common medications

Administration of oral medication

Administration of injections

Administration of intravenous fluids and medicines

Miscellaneous routes of medication administration

Medicines management in children

Nurse prescribing



Intravenous Therapy

Expanding practice in IV therapy

Background anatomy and physiology and venous access

Vascular access devices

Managing IV therapy safely

Intravenous fluid therapy

Pharmacology and intravenous therapy



ECGs for Nurses

The conduction system in the heart

Principles of ECG monitoring

ECG interpretation of cardiac arrhythmias

Cardiac arrhythmias originating in the SA node

Cardiac arrhythmias originating in the atria

Cardiac arrhythmias originating in the AV junction

Cardiac arrhythmias originating in the ventricles

Cardiac arrhythmias with atrioventricular block

Cardiac arrhythmias associated with cardiac arrest

Recording a 12 lead ECG

Interpreting a 12 lead ECG

Management of peri-arrest arrhythmias

Record keeping



Clinical Assessment and Monitoring in Children

Introduction of Clinical Assessment and Monitoring in Children

Respiratory Assessment

Respiratory Monitoring

Cardiovascular Assessment

Cardiovascular Monitoring and Haemodynamics

Neurological Assessment

Acute Neurological Assessment and Monitoring

The Gastro-intestinal System and Abdomen

Nutrition

Fluid and Electrolytes

The Head and Neck

The Musculoskeletal System

Temperature Monitoring

Comfort and Hygiene



Caring for the Perioperative Patient

Core Issues

Perioperative homeostasis

Managing perioperative equipment

Perioperative pharmacology

Perioperative communication

Managing perioperative risks


Perioperative Care

Aroute to enhanced competence in perioperative care

Preoperative preparation of perioperative patients

Patient care during anaesthesia

Patient care during surgery

Patient care during recovery

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